Overview

Lorenzo Ghiberti. Jacob and Esau Panel, from Gates of Paradise, 1425-52. Collection of the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. Image courtesy Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence.

Depicting the stories of the Creation, Jacob and Esau, and David and Goliath, the panels will offer viewers a coherent vision of Ghiberti’s artistic genius and the range of perspectival solutions he invented for the narrative panels. The Creation Panel documents Ghiberti’s earliest work on the doors and features a splendid depiction of nude figures in a landscape, set off by angelic hosts. The relief of Jacob and Esau, with its nearly three-dimensional foreground figures, masterful scientific perspective, and impressive architecture, shows that the artist was at the vanguard of Florentine illusionism and storytelling. Finally, the elaborately chased and punched panel of David and Goliath demonstrates creative shifts in perspective, from the tumultuous battle to the impressive glimpse of Jerusalem above.

This exhibition will reveal the complex nature of the conservation process through the juxtaposition of two sections of the frieze and two decorative heads: one version of each has been resplendently cleaned, the other is still disfigured by damaging surface deposits. A video will document the conservation methods used, which formerly included submerging the panels in a solution of Rochelle salts and distilled water and meticulously cleaning some parts by hand. In recent years, conservation has been carried out exclusively using innovative laser technology, which enables the surface dirt to be cleaned in a non-invasive manner.

Sculptor, painter, draftsman, architectural consultant, stained glass designer, entrepreneur, author of a treatise on the arts, and the first artist to write an autobiography, Ghiberti could honestly declare in his Commentaries that “few things of importance were made in our city that were not designed or devised by my hand.” The seven works in this exhibition, while representing only a small portion of his oeuvre, confirm that Ghiberti had good reason to boast.

Overview

The size and scale of the works in Jeff Wall, measuring on average 6 feet by 8 feet, are testaments to the ambitions of permanence the artist brings to photography—as grand as monumental painting of the past three centuries, painstakingly staged and constructed, and digitally combined and altered. Wall’s vision and use of photography represent a bold step forward in the reconsideration of this medium as a fine art, equal in stature to painting and sculpture, rather than relegated to a separate sphere of technically driven image-making. Jeff Wall is a rare opportunity to see works produced over nearly three decades, allowing viewers to not only enjoy the dazzling images themselves but to also experience the evolution and development of an artist's career.

Exhibition Themes

Wall’s interest in painting and photography crystallized in 1977 on a trip to Spain, where he found echoes of the Prado Museum’s great paintings by Diego Velázquez and Francisco de Goya in the luminous light boxes used in the bus-kiosk advertisements he passed as he traveled through the country. After returning to Vancouver, he began to produce works that use the format for which he has since become well known: photographic transparencies mounted in aluminum light boxes. By the late 1970s, Wall had committed himself to photography, although, in his words, he “. . . did so from a position pretty much steeped in painting and sculpture, but one where photography had already made an entrance by a sort of side door.”

Wall’s first major work, The Destroyed Room (1978), was originally exhibited at Vancouver’s Nova Gallery as a photographic transparency installed behind the gallery’s front window, facing the street. Although its installation gave it the appearance of a store window display, the image itself bore little resemblance to the typical decorous seductions of mannequins, clothing, and consumer goods. Loosely inspired by Eugène Delacroix’s grand painting The Death of Sardanapalus (1827), The Destroyed Room depicts a woman’s ruined bedroom—heaps of clothes and personal belongings are strewn across the floor, and the furniture, doors, and walls have been damaged or demolished. It is an image of violent upheaval, which, like the Delacroix painting, can be understood as an act of “publicized privacy.” Wall describes The Destroyed Room as “cinematographic”—a term that encapsulates much of his artistic practice from this piece onward—meaning that it was shot in a controlled setting, indoors or outdoors, in which the subject was prepared in some way.

The images that result from this technique rely to varying degrees on staged or constructed artifice. Working as a film director might, Wall uses sets, lighting, camera angles, and actors to stage a narrative or effect an illusion. Other early pictures by the artist also follow this strategy: Picture for Women (1979) adopts the composition of Edouard Manet’s A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (1882) while revising its depiction of the relationships between men, women, observers, and observed; Double Self-Portrait (1979) turns the artist’s twin gazes back toward the viewer and may be seen as a presage to Wall’s later adaptations of photomontage.

It is important to note the seam—sometimes obscured by the image, at other times clearly visible within it—that travels through each of these early works, literally and figuratively connecting both the photographic process (separate pieces of film spliced with tape) and the photograph’s implicit components (camera, mirror, subject). In both Picture for Women and Double Self-Portrait, Wall insisted on including himself in the picture frame, a move grounded in the history of painting but further complicated by photography and its primary tool, the camera. Although his emergence from behind that apparatus was short-lived (Double Self-Portrait was his second and final self-portrait), in hindsight it seems perfectly fitting that he should have made the move early on, as he embarked upon a single-minded assault on the presumptions and powers of photography.

While such cinematographic, staged productions figure prominently throughout Wall’s oeuvre—in Milk (1984), The Storyteller (1986), and A ventriloquist at a birthday party in October 1947 (1990), for example—they were originally conceived as expansions of or reactions to photography’s traditional role as a document or, more specifically, reportage. Wall closely studied the work of Robert Frank and other mid-20th-century American photographers, but he found himself frustrated by the limitations of their process—in which circumstances were found and images were snapped, shot, or “hunted” (as street photographer Garry Winogrand said) rather than constructed in the way that a painter builds images in paint on a canvas.

Mimic (1992) begins a subgroup of pictures that Wall refers to as “near documentary”—pictures reconstructed from Wall’s remembered experiences. Mimic is based on a racist gesture that Wall witnessed on a Vancouver street. He reenacted the scene and shot it on location, simultaneously replicating and critiquing photographic practice, which inherently deals with mimicry. (Mimic also references the formal composition of the famous 1877 Gustave Caillebotte painting Paris Street; Rainy Day, on view in Gallery 201.)

Wall’s use of photomontage began in the early 1990s as digital technologies became more accessible. For him it offered a way to create pictures that were purely imaginative, even hallucinatory, like Dead Troops Talk (a vision after an ambush of a Red Army Patrol, near Moqor, Afghanistan, winter 1986) (1992) and The Flooded Grave (1998–2000). Shooting multiple images and assembling them into an almost-seamless unity—first through mechanical means, then through digital-imaging techniques—Wall was able to produce pictures with an uncanny sense of dreamlike, suspect hyperrealism. He also created works that use photomontage to depict situations or events that have or could have happened, but that Wall decided were not necessarily best shot as a single-frame photograph. These pictures—including Restoration (1993), A Sudden Gust of Wind (After Hokusai) (1993), Overpass (2001), An Eviction (1988/2004), and, more recently, In Front of a Nightclub (2006)—involve highly complex processes of montage, in which numerous images are employed to create an entirely original picture.

Throughout his exploration and development of photographic practices, however, Wall has produced works evidently informed by traditional photography. His early panoramic, landscape pictures—for example, Steve’s Farm, Steveson (1980), The Old Prison (1987), and Coastal Motifs (1989)—are the first of his images that the artist referred to as “documentary photographs.” The tradition of landscape photography is clearly channeled in these depictions of contested spaces. In 1990 Wall made Some Beans and An Octopus, initiating a subgroup of still lifes and a process that is, relative to that of his cinematographic works, less interventionist. These initial still-life pictures were followed by Diagonal Composition (1993), Diagonal Composition no. 2 (1998), Diagonal Composition no. 3 (2000), Rainfilled Suitcase (2001), and Staining Bench, furniture manufacturer’s, Vancouver (2003), all of which are curiously similar in their compositions—they result from an attentiveness to a corner that, in turn, directs us and keeps us in the picture.

Jeff Wall is one of the most acclaimed and influential artists of his generation. Over the last three decades, his intellectual precision and critical acumen have helped to place photography at the very center of contemporary artistic discourse. This exhibition presents an overview of Wall’s extensive career, featuring 41 important works, including most of his major pictures.